April 2025

ECONOMICS TRUMPS IDEOLOGY:

Farmers are making bank harvesting a new crop: Solar energy: In California’s water-stressed Central Valley, farmers are fallowing land and installing solar, providing financial stability and saving water (Matt Simon, Apr 30, 2025, Grist)

Around the world, farmers are retooling their land to harvest the hottest new commodity: sunlight. As the price of renewable energy technology has plummeted and water has gotten more scarce, growers are fallowing acreage and installing solar panels. Some are even growing crops beneath them, which is great for plants stressed by too many rays. Still others are letting that shaded land go wild, providing habitat for pollinators and fodder for grazing livestock.

According to a new study, this practice of agrisolar has been quite lucrative for farmers in California’s Central Valley over the last 25 years — and for the environment. Researchers looked at producers who had idled land and installed solar, using the electricity to run equipment like water pumps and selling the excess power to utilities.


On average, that energy savings and revenue added up to $124,000 per hectare (about 2.5 acres) each year, 25 times the value of using the land to grow crops.

PATTANI IS A NATION:

Thai Colonialism in the Malay World : A spate of deadly shootings in Thailand is just the latest episode in a centuries-long struggle between Thais and Malays. (Imran Said, 30 Apr 2025, Quillette)

The absorption of Pattani into Thailand is part of a centuries-long expansion of Thai Buddhist power down the Malay Peninsula and into the northern reaches of the Malay-Muslim world. These cultural borderlands have been transformed by centuries of Thai subjugation, Malay-Muslim resistance, British colonialism, the formation of modern nation-states, and the rise of ethno-religious nationalism in a multiethnic setting. Siamese colonialism in the northern Malay Peninsula has left deep marks both in the Deep South of Thailand, where one of Southeast Asia’s deadliest insurgencies shows no signs of abating, as well as in the northern regions of contemporary Malaysia.


Thai intrusion into the Malay world began in the thirteenth century, when Thai princely leaders and their followers began moving through the Kra Isthmus (the narrowest part of southern Thailand) into the northern regions of the Malay Peninsula, then populated by Malay-speaking peoples. By the mid-fourteenth century, many of the northern Malay polities had become vassals of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, the precursor to modern Thailand. Siamese control of the northern Malay states was contested by the Malacca Sultanate, a once prosperous entrepôt located in the modern Malaysian state of Melaka and the progenitor of much of modern Malay-Muslim culture. The fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511 opened the door to the imposition of Siamese rule over the northern peninsula.

For the northern Malay sultanates, vassalage to the Siamese became particularly associated with the triennial tribute of the bunga mas dan perak (the “gold and silver flowers”)—small models of trees, meticulously fashioned from gold and silver, each about a metre high. Every three years, the bunga mas tribute to the Ayutthaya King was accompanied by other costly gifts, weapons, textiles, and slaves. The necessary funds were raised through a poll tax on the villagers, which often engendered deep resentment. Furthermore, to demonstrate their loyalty, Malay rulers were expected to requisition the Thai armies with men, food, and weapons during campaigns.

Model of a bunga mas sent by one of the northern Malay states to the Siamese court. Collection of Muzium Negara, Kuala Lumpur. Source: Chainwit/Wikimedia Commons.
For the Siamese, the bunga mas symbolised Malay submission to the overlordship of the Thai ruler. For the Malays, however, the bunga mas was a token of friendship. These mutual misunderstandings not only point to differing interpretations of what vassalage meant but are also indicative of the cultural tensions between the geopolitical worldviews of the Thais and Malays. The former inhabited a hierarchical, centralised, and unequal system in which vassals were obliged to fulfil certain obligations in return for patronage and protection—and Malays were close to the bottom of that hierarchy. The Malays, by contrast, inhabited a slightly more meritocratic and egalitarian world, in which relationships were expressed through kinship and leaders competed for followers. These tensions became more pronounced towards the end of the sixteenth century, when changes in the etiquette of the Ayutthaya court obliged Thai nobles to demonstrate their subservience to the king by prostrating themselves in his presence—even European envoys were compelled to crawl into the audience hall. Shortly afterwards, the Thai court began to demand that Malay rulers also make personal obeisance before the king.

Over the course of the late sixteenth to the early nineteenth centuries, the degree of control the Siamese tributary system imposed over the northern Malay states waxed and waned. For the most part, Malay rulers chafed under the increasingly onerous and humiliating demands made by the Thais. Malays still recall the legendary warrior Hang Tuah, hero of the Malay epic Hikayat Hang Tuah (History of Hang Tuah), who refused to grovel before the Ayutthaya King as beneath the dignity of a Malay subject. The northern Malay rulers sought to defend themselves against Siamese dominance by forming alliances with other Malay states, as well as with European powers like the Portuguese, Dutch, and British who were starting to make their presence felt in the region.

But the risk of Thai retaliations against such moves was ever present. Following the establishment of the Chakri dynasty (the current reigning house of Thailand) in Bangkok in 1782, the ruler of Patani flatly refused to make personal obeisance to the new monarchs. In retaliation, in 1785–86, a Siamese army razed Patani to the ground. It was said that “all the men, children and old women … were tied and thrown upon the ground and then trampled to death by elephants.” Four thousand Malays were taken to Bangkok in chains, along with two huge Patani siege guns called Sri Negara and Sri Patani. (Sri Patani can now be found outside the Thai Ministry of Defence in Bangkok). And acquiescing to Siamese dominance brought benefits, too, both economic—access to Siam’s international trading ports—and political—support from Bangkok against any rival claimants to the throne at home.

Siamese overlordship and the deprivations of the Thai armies helped sharpen the northern Malays’ sense of separateness from their Thai Buddhist overlords. One historical Malay text describes the Siamese king as a ‘infidel [who] does not know correct behaviour.” This feeling was mutual. The Thai King Rama III commented that the Thais and Malays were so different in culture and worldview that they resembled oil and water, “which cannot be made into one.” The Islamic faith was also mobilised in resistance to the Thais. In 1821, during a Siamese campaign against the rebellious Malay state of Kedah, the Malays described the conflict as a holy war (jihad) against an infidel (kafir) regime. These narratives were influenced by the then-emergent Islamic sect of Wahhabism, which originated in the Middle East in the early 19th century and quickly spread far and wide. Its austere and militant teachings were disseminated throughout the region’s Islamic pondok (hut) schools.

WHEN YOU “JUST TRUST THE SCIENCE”…

Blood-and-Soil Neoliberalism: An interview with Quinn Slobodian, the author of Hayek’s Bastards: Race, Gold, IQ, and the Capitalism of the Far Right (Nick Serpe, April 29, 2025, Dissent)

Serpe: You call this the “new fusionism.” What’s the substance of this project? Does it supplant the old fusionism of the right, or is it building on top of it?

Slobodian: There’s a very famous way of describing the conservative movement in the United States as one of fusionism between people primarily interested in economic freedom and market liberalism, on the one hand, and people primarily interested in Christian values and traditional order on the other. Historians have described an alliance between these two wings of the American right starting in the 1950s, which we can later see achieving power in certain ways in the Reagan administration and the second Bush administration.

The new fusionism I describe in the book starts to come together in the 1990s. The people who were arguing about the danger of the state and persistent socialism, and the need to defend capitalism and economic freedom, started to appeal, rather than to categories from religion, to categories from science—in particular evolutionary biology, cognitive psychology, and even race science. This was a domain of great excitement and intellectual ferment in the 1990s, especially as books like The Bell Curve mainstreamed ideas of racial differences and intelligence, and scientific breakthroughs like the human genome project made it seem like our bodies contained a particular kind of truth that could not be denied by all the humanities professors in the world. Appeals to science became an effective way to fight this fight within the realm of ideas—in the academy, in the pages of magazines, and on talk shows. They somehow had more solidity than the longstanding appeal to Christian doctrine.

They’re garden variety Darwinists.

AND THE VIDEO GAME:

Formula 1’s American revolution – how the series finally cracked the USA (Mark Mann-Bryans, 4/28/25, Motor Sport)

“Look at the whole Drive to Survive effect, which I think has had a global impact but is especially important in the United States – and when you look at the demographics, the sport has gotten younger, it’s gotten more popular,” he said.

“I have meetings all the time with guys like me, and I ask if they like Formula 1? And an American guy will say: ‘No, I don’t really follow it, but my college-age daughter loves the sport, so we watch it together’.”

Domenicali touched on Cadillac’s impending arrival and the F1 movie, released in June, with Slack highlighting Drive to Survive, which has been renewed for season eight. John Rowady, founder and CEO of US-based sports marketing agency rEvolution, believes the three things are intrinsically linked to F1 finding a home in the United States.

“It is an excellent signal that F1 has become a part of the American sports fabric, and it is here to stay,” he told Motorsport.com.

“It is the only truly global ‘super league’ offering fandom from anywhere without having to displace it from stick and ball sports. American sports fans gravitate towards authenticity – now that the sport has re-entered the American market and zeitgeist in an authentic and meaningful way, fans are connecting, exploring and engaging.” […]

“I find the real story for F1’s growth trajectory is in the demographic capture. Compared to the big four leagues, F1 boasts a younger fanbase and is particularly successful in attracting 16-24-year-olds, many of them females. In the U.S., the average F1 fan is between 32 and 35 years old, notably younger than the NFL (average age 50), NBA (42), MLB (57), and NHL (49). F1 doesn’t need to chase the 40–50-year-old demographic — it’s already cultivating Gen Z and Gen Alpha, the future leaders and consumers in America. The future lies with them.

“AND HE DOES NOT GET STUNG”:

Telling the Bees (Emily Polk, April 3, 2025, Emergence)

I drove out to Hudson, a conservative town in rural New Hampshire, to meet leaders of the New Hampshire Beekeepers Association. I arrived just in time to watch a couple of senior bearded men in flannel shirts and Carhartt pants transport crates of bees into new hives. I was completely entranced by their delicacy and elegance. They seemed to be dancing. I wrote of one of the beekeepers, “He moves in a graceful rhythm … shaking the three-pound crate of bees into the hive, careful not to crush the queen, careful to make sure she has enough bees to tend to her, careful not to disturb or alarm them as he tenderly puts the frames back into the hive. And he does not get stung.” I was not expecting to find old men dancing with the grace of ballerinas under pine trees with a tenderness for the bees I wouldn’t have been able to imagine had I not witnessed it myself. This moment marked the beginning of my interest in what bees could teach us.

HUMANS AND BEES have been in close relationship for thousands of years. The Egyptians were the first to practice organized beekeeping beginning in 3100 BC, taking inspiration from their sun god Re, who was believed to have cried tears that turned into honeybees when they touched the ground, making the bee sacred. In tribes across the African continent, bees were thought to bring messages from ancestors, while in many countries in Europe, the presence of a bee after a death was a sign that the bees were helping carry messages to the world of the dead. From this belief came the practice of “telling the bees,” which most likely originated in Celtic mythology more than six hundred years ago. Although traditions varied, “telling the bees” always involved notifying the insects of a death in the family. Beekeepers draped each hive with black cloth, visiting each one individually to relay the news.

While bees have long been understood to be conduits between the living and the dead, bearing witness to tears from God and the grief of common villagers, less is known about the grief of bees themselves. Can bees feel sad? Do they feel angst? Among the many roles honeybees play in the hive—housekeeper, queen bee attendant, forager—the one that catches my attention is the undertaker bee, whose primary job is to locate their dead brethren and remove them from the hive. (Depending on the health of the hive and its approximately sixty thousand inhabitants, this is no small job.) My beekeeper friend Amy, who, like me, has loved bees since she was a little girl, tells me over lunch that one of the craziest things about this is that there’s only one bee doing it at a time. “Just one bee will lift the body out of the hive and then fly away with it as far as possible,” she says. “Can you imagine lifting one whole dead human by yourself and carrying it as far as you can?” We marvel over this feat of spectacular strength. “It’s always the females doing it,” she adds, which makes me smile, because all worker bees are female. The male drone bees only number in the hundreds and their only purpose is to mate with the queen bee, after which they die.

But I want to know if the undertaker bees feel anything while they are removing dead bees. Do bees have emotions?

A few years ago the first study to show what scientists colloquially refer to as “bee screams” was published. Scientists found that when giant hornets drew near Asian honeybees, the honeybees put their abdomens into the air and ran while vibrating their wings, making a noise like “a human scream.” The sound has also been described as “shrieking” and “crying.” According to scientists, honeybees’ “antipredator pipes” share acoustic traits with alarm shrieks and panic calls that mirror more socially complex vertebrates.

I am not surprised at all that a tiny insect also screams in a way that has been compared to a human scream. I don’t think it has anything to do with social complexity or being a large vertebrate, but rather something much more primal and universal to the experience of being alive. Every day for months after my baby daughter’s death I also felt compelled to scream. I wanted to scream at the dogwood blossoms outside my home in Massachusetts; I wanted to scream at the grocery cashier cracking jokes. I never associated the urge with being human. I felt it was what an animal did who was no longer safe in the world. When I read the study, the sharp edges of my own grief felt soothed by the underlying revelation—there are profound connections shared between living creatures, no matter the size of our brains, no matter how loud the sound of our screams.

I wanted to know more.

THE FUTURE ALWAYS HAPPENS FASTER THAN PREDICTED:

Fusion Energy: No Longer “30 Years Away”? (Noah El Alami, 4/28/25, IDTechX)

The largest funding rounds for commercial fusion occurred largely in the last 5 years. There are now around 50 private companies pursuing commercial fusion, with leaders in the industry demonstrating substantial progress towards generating net positive energy and securing major public and industrial partnerships. But what has changed to bring fusion from research projects to a serious commercial industry?

The commercial fusion market has been catalyzed by recent developments in three areas: a better understanding of the science of fusion, growing global demand for clean energy, and the maturation of enabling technologies.

First, consistent academic progress in understanding plasma physics over multiple decades has now reached the point where fusion technology is becoming ready for commercialization. Research reactors around the world, such as the National Ignition Facility (NIF), the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST), and Wendelstein 7-X (W7-X), all produced record-breaking results in recent years such as increasing the energy gain from fusion or sustaining a stable plasma for a longer time.

Secondly, growing global demand for continuous green energy is essential for decarbonizing data centers and industry. Fusion energy avoids intermittency or the need for energy storage, with fewer radiation-related safety risks than its nuclear cousin, fission, which has also seen renewed interest in powering data centers and microgrids.

Finally, a range of specialized materials, components, and software solutions have reached maturity simultaneously to enable innovative fusion power designs. These include high-temperature superconductors, high-energy short-pulse lasers, and surrogate models for plasma simulations. IDTechEx’s report focuses on the value chain for key materials and components and their applications beyond fusion, which startups can pursue to set up secondary revenue streams.

THIS IS THE eND:

In Defence of Neoliberalism: The neoliberal turn was a pragmatic response to failed economic intervention and yielded broadly positive results (Austin O’Connell, 25 Apr 2025, Quillette)

According to the Fraser Institute’s Economic Freedom Index, the world’s economic freedom score has increased from 5.25 out of 10 in 1980 to 6.53 today. This is the result of shifts that have taken place in a number of countries, including the following examples:

Chile: In 1973, socialist president Salvador Allende was deposed by General Augusto Pinochet in a military coup. While brutally socially repressive, Pinochet’s dictatorship was economically liberal, implementing sweeping market reforms. Guided by the Chicago Boys—free-market economists trained at the University of Chicago—Pinochet privatised many state-owned enterprises, liberalised international trade, and tightened government spending and the growth of the money supply.

Britain: Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government privatised state-owned industries, reduced the power of trade unions, cut taxes, and likewise tightened the growth of the money supply.
China: Under Deng Xiaoping, China began privatising state-owned land and established free trade in special economic zones. 

United States: Ronald Reagan, an admirer and ally of Thatcher’s, ended oil price controls, deregulated certain sectors of the economy, and cut taxes. Meanwhile, Federal Reserve Chairman Paul Volcker implemented monetary tightening to curb inflation.

New Zealand: In the 1980s, a Labour government launched market reforms dubbed “Rogernomics” after Finance Minister Roger Douglas. These included dismantling state monopolies, deregulating financial markets, removing price controls, and privatising state-owned enterprises.


The Soviet Bloc: The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 marked the beginning of the Soviet Union’s collapse and the onset of market-oriented economic reforms in its Eastern European satellite states. 

India: Facing a severe balance of payments crisis in 1991, Prime Minister P.V. Narasimha Rao and Finance Minister Manmohan Singh implemented sweeping reforms, including trade liberalisation, deregulation, and privatisation.


As these cases demonstrate, both right and left-wing governments in democratic and authoritarian regimes across the world embraced varying degrees of market reform within a relatively short period.

IF YOU AREN’T TEACHING THEM AI YOU AREN’T EDUCATING:

Former Cornell president Martha Pollack ’79 urges universities to embrace artificial intelligence (Sohum Desai, April 25, 2025, The Dartmouth)

Pollack offered a three-part framework for introducing AI to pedagogy: AI literacy, integrating AI into classroom practices and increasing institutional efficiency.

“We need to teach students how to use AI well, but also when not to use it,” she said. “Changing pedagogy is really hard but necessary.”

Pollack gave examples of how faculty across disciplines are experimenting with AI, from law professors prompting chatbots to simulate jury reactions to using large language models for feedback generation. She emphasized that while automation may reduce some faculty workload, the student-professor relationship remains central.

“We’re social animals,” Pollack said. “You don’t go to Red Hawk for the beer — you go for the people. What’s true at the bar is true on campus.”

Pollack also expressed concern over the rising cost of higher education and declining public trust in universities, noting that AI might offer tools to help institutions remain accessible and relevant.

“If the AI education costs 50 cents, and the Dartmouth education costs $50, we risk pricing ourselves out of the market,” she said.

BEYOND YACHT ROCK:

The Lost Prince of Yacht Rock: In 1978 he was music’s next big thing. Then his album bombed, he began a long slide into obscurity, and a bizarre fraud sent him to prison. Will Dane Donohue finally get his encore? (Keith Barry, March 25, 2021, Narratively)

Donohue’s only album fits squarely into a genre that’s now commonly called “yacht rock,” a neologism for a sound you’re probably familiar with even if you weren’t alive in the 1970s. Think Michael McDonald’s husky “I Keep Forgettin’” or the shuffle beat of Toto’s “Rosanna.” The genre has cycled through popularity, ridicule, nostalgia and respect, all the way back to popularity again: There’s a “yacht rock” station on SiriusXM that plays ’70s soft rock hits, and hipsters in captain’s hats sing Christopher Cross’s “Sailing” at karaoke. There’s even been a yacht rock–themed Peloton workout.

Since its release in 1978, Dane Donohue has gained a cult following among yacht rock fans. That’s because it’s a seminal work in the development of the genre, says “Hollywood” Steve Huey, a former AllMusic critic. Huey would know: Along with JD Ryznar, David B. Lyons and Hunter Stair, he co-created the mockumentary that gave yacht rock its name. They also hosted the Beyond Yacht Rock podcast, and they are writing a book about the genre too.

“You can hear this older kind of David Geffen, Asylum kind of sound — it sounds like the whole Laurel Canyon kind of scene, the early ’70s stuff,” Huey says, referring to the Los Angeles neighborhood where folk-rockers like the Mamas & the Papas and Joni Mitchell lived in the ’60s and early ’70s, and where the Eagles honed their sound. You could mistake the first few songs on Donohue’s album for Jackson Browne. But then you hit songs like “Woman” or “Can’t Be Seen,” and it’s a total paradigm shift. “You can also hear where the music is going, where the Southern California sound is about to go over the next few years.” More horns, more rhythm, more jazzy chord progressions.

Dane Donohue was lucky enough to be in the studio at an important moment in the L.A. music scene, when studio musicians started merging the tight ensemble work of funk and Motown, the screaming guitar solos of rock, the creativity of jazz, the rhythms of Rio, the blues-tinged R&B of Stax, and the introspective singer-songwriter melodies of the Laurel Canyon era, while superstar producers started using the latest technology to make slick, flawless recordings. And Donohue’s voice — which blended the airy twanginess of a Nashville tearjerker with the drama and clarity of a Broadway first act finale — was an ideal vessel to cross over between the old and new worlds of Southern California soft rock.

Yacht rock lyrics tend to deal with divorce, male loneliness and suburban ennui — a far cry from the vitality of war protests and civil rights anthems of a decade earlier. But more important, yacht rock is a sound, and that sound was defined by the tight-knit group of studio musicians who inadvertently created the genre. The guys behind yacht rock — and with the exception of a handful of backup singers, it was always guys — were among the most talented in the business. They made names for themselves as “first call” musicians, who artists and producers would specifically request for their albums. And the best of the best played on Dane Donohue.

Critics dismissed what came out of the Southern California studios as radio-friendly soft rock, but it permeated popular music for nearly a decade, its influence seeping into every genre from disco to hair metal. Some of the musicians on Donohue’s album were already famous, while others would go on to write, record on or produce some of the best-known songs of the 20th century. Put together, they would win more than 30 Grammy awards during their varied careers.

INFLATION IS A FUNCTION OF WAGES:

US wage patterns during and after the pandemic: Insights from a novel data source [Jeff Nezaj (ADP Research), Nela Richardson (ADP Research) and Liv Wang (ADP Research)
Working Papers 25-5]


This paper adds to a growing body of evidence on the underlying determinants of pandemic and postpandemic wage patterns by leveraging private-sector payroll records from ADP Inc., a dataset that comprises more than 25 million employees, or about 1 in 6 workers in the United States. The paper finds that the pandemic’s disruption of industry sectors and workers drove large swings in pay growth as lower-wage workers left the labor force in the spring of 2020 and were hired back a year later. It also triggered a shift to larger year-over-year pay gains that so far have endured, albeit with some moderation.