July 14, 2007
WHY DID YOU THINK THE TRIAL PITTED BRIGHTS AGAINST CHRISTIANS? (via Ed Driscoll):
A Book for No Seasons: The forgotten aspects of John Scopes's famous biology textbook. (Garin Hovannisian, 07/12/2007, Weekly Standard)
EIGHTY-TWO YEARS ago this week, Dayton, Tennessee received its summer of fame with Scopes v. State. The town's charming county courthouse bloomed with celebrities--among them, superstar populist William Jennings Bryan, attorney Clarence Darrow, and journalist H.L. Mencken, whose 25,000 words on the impending trial would echo between the nation's coasts. At the center of the moment sat John Scopes, the quiet schoolteacher accused of teaching evolution from a textbook mandated, ironically, by the state.George William Hunter's A Civic Biology: Presented in Problems (1914) was the book that sparked the controversy. Condemned as heretical in 1925, today it would seem to be a manual for enlightenment's battle against religion's perceived mysticism. Yet if John Scopes were to teach the very same Civic Biology in a modern classroom, he would probably be put on trial again. Because buried under the dust of history is the fact that this progressive, pro-evolution text was also quite racist.
Take, for example, these lines from page 196 of Hunter's original version:
At the present time there exist upon the earth five races or varieties of man, each very different from the other in instincts, social customs, and, to an extent, in structure. These are the Ethiopian or negro type, originating in Africa; the Malay or brown race, from the islands of the Pacific; the American Indian; the Mongolian or yellow race, including the natives of China, Japan, and the Eskimos; and finally, the highest type of all, the Caucasians, represented by the civilized white inhabitants of Europe
and America.Hunter was also a proponent of eugenics. "[T]he science of being well born," his text instructed, is an imperative for sophisticated society. "When people marry there are certain things that the individual as well as the race should demand," he wrote, arguing that tuberculosis, epilepsy, and even "feeble-mindedness are handicaps which it is not only unfair but criminal to hand down to posterity."
"If such people were lower animals, we would probably kill them off to prevent them from spreading," Hunter lamented in Civic Biology. "Humanity will not allow this but we do have the remedy of separating the sexes in asylums or other places and in various ways preventing intermarriage and the possibilities of perpetuating such a low and degenerate race."
Darwin put it bluntly enough himself in Descent of Man:
At some future period, not very distant as measured by centuries, the civilised races of man will almost certainly exterminate, and replace, the savage races throughout the world. At the same time the anthropomorphous apes, as Professor Schaaffhausen has remarked, will no doubt be exterminated. The break between man and his nearest allies will then be wider, for it will intervene between man in a more civilised state, as we may hope, even than the Caucasian, and some ape as low as a baboon, instead of as now between the negro or Australian and the gorilla.
Of course, in Darwinian terms the Anglo-Saxon is inferior to the Chinaman, which is why he has to import a qualitative measure. Even Darwin wasn't a Darwinist. Posted by Orrin Judd at July 14, 2007 6:37 PM
Anybody wanting to know how the currents that flowed out of evolutionary theory affected the eugenics movement ought to read this book (although it's expensive so you may wish to try a library copy). It's a real eye-opener.
I don't think you have to be an evolution skeptic, or even have an opinion on evolution, to find it highly disturbing that so many scientists drew an immoral philosophy from what was supposed to be an impartial analysis of nature.
Posted by: Matt Murphy at July 14, 2007 7:39 PMThey were all Northern European white men.
Posted by: oj at July 14, 2007 8:45 PMWell, the horrors of the Twentieth Century are precisely where Darwinism takes us. Without a transcendant moral order mere nostalgia for the "golden rule," or some other warm, fuzzy reach for a reason for man to be other than a wolf to man, we are left with no alternative to Paschenaele or Auschwitz.
What is doubly disturbing about the Darwinian traison des clercs was the childish way they conflated race and culture. Of course this error is with us today.
In those days they wrote of people living on opposite banks of a European river as being of different "races, and constructed a model of struggle borrowed from inter-specific competition.
Peoples who lived on opposite sides of a river would be distinct species, were Darwinism true. It took the Holocaust to make them acknowledge there's no such as species among men. They're still holding out on the other animals...futilely.
Posted by: oj at July 15, 2007 5:48 AMThe people on opposite sides of the river would only be separate species if they were not able to cross the river and interbreed. the divide of a river has however produced to different types of apes. the chimpanzee and the bonobo are divided by the congo river and as they are unable to swim they are closely related but separate species.
a species is something that is defined by humans and there are many differing definitions as to what constitutes a species.
recently it was found that there is variation between the human population along lines of geographic location, skin colour and ability to digest different food stuffs such as milk. however there is nothing that shows one group of people are more advanced that other groups.
there is no reason that Darwinism should take us to wars and genocide any more than religious reasoning. in fact religion has been responsible for more wars than probably any other idea.
i do not need a god to tell me that it is wrong to kill someone, morality has changed hugely over the centuries and will probably continue to do so. If anything Darwinism promotes greater harmony as no one is excluded as is the case with religions. you don't see Darwinists blowing themselves up because of their believes
rob, you're a brave man!
Posted by: erp at July 15, 2007 8:05 AMNo, Darwinists murdered "inferior species" by the millions.
Of course, the only reason that's wrong is because Darwinism is false.
But, don't worry, as your confusion about the modern definition of species reflects, you don't believe in Darwinism either.
Posted by: oj at July 15, 2007 8:11 AMAnd which Darwinists and which "inferior species" where these exactly?
I'm not confused about what i consider to be a species- a population that is only able to produce viable offspring by mating with individuals from within that group and not with individuals from outside that group. the problem with this of course is that populations that we have defined as species are able to produce viable offspring. and this is what leads to the 30 or so modern definitions of what defines a species. If anything this confusion is supporting Darwinism because as evolution is decent with modification, every species evolved from a previous species very slowly, there should not be any absolute lines between what counts as species a and species b if they evolved relatively recently.
So if you consider Darwinism to be false, what is your explanation for the diversity of life.
Posted by: rob at July 16, 2007 9:35 AMExactly. You're not confused about what you consider to be a species. Your belief just contradicts Darwinism. Don't worry, your skepticism becomes you.
Posted by: oj at July 16, 2007 11:28 AM