November 9, 2005
TO HAVE MORE THAN ONE GOD IS TO BE AMORAL:
The Shrine Next Door: a review of The Sinister Way: The Divine and the Demonic in Chinese Religious Culture By Richard von Glahn (Wright Doyle, Books & Culture)
Lacking a firm concept of fixed moral absolutes at the "center" of the universe (after all, they stress the complementary interplay of yin and yang), the Chinese world of divinities is populated with beings who might, for no cause, assail "innocent" folk with calamity. Rituals of all sorts have been designed to gain some sort of control over, or at least protection from, these dangerous beings,Christians will be struck by the contrast between traditional Chinese religion and the faith of the Bible. For example: rather than a single canon of Scripture, the Chinese possess a vast assortment of texts in an array of genres, all of which purport to represent the truth about the relationship of humans and the gods.
These gods, moreover, do not remain the same "yesterday, today, and forever." Depending upon the place, the time, and the perceived needs of the people and of the government, they can rise or fall in popularity and position. Humans can enter the pantheon, and established deities can be expelled. In one notable case, a masculine god was transformed into the goddess of mercy, Guanyin.
Although the Confucian patrician class and the government, often in concert with Buddhist and Daoist clergy, tried to inculcate faith in a moral order that rewarded good and punished evil, cults like that of Wutong expressed a profound anxiety felt by common people who saw themselves at the mercy of capricious and often malevolent gods--spirits who mirrored the unpredictability and random rule of magistrates and emperors.
If there's more than one god then there are likewise multiple moralities, in other words, there is no morality. Posted by Orrin Judd at November 9, 2005 12:11 AM
Polytheism = multiculturalism = moral relativism.
Posted by: Mike Morley at November 9, 2005 6:46 AMNed Flanders has a line when he's trying to convert Apu: "You might a well be worshipping Hawkman!"
Orrin, if all polytheistic societies are immoral, what does that say about our new bestest buddy India?
Posted by: Brock Samson at November 9, 2005 7:26 AMOJ:
Divine Command Theory is just as illusory for you as it is for them.
Posted by: JeffGuinn at November 9, 2005 8:08 AM
Ah yes, and having only one god provides such a clear cut and unambiguous moral code. That's why there has never, ever been a dispute among Christians, Jews or Muslims about what constitutes moral behavior. Right?
My (admittedly limited and poorly educated) understanding of Hinduism is that in its more sophisticated forms it ultimately holds that all of the however many gods there are are just different manifestations of one big God.
Posted by: Mike Morley at November 9, 2005 9:03 AMBrandon:
We all know the morality--we argue over whether to hold ourselves to it.
Posted by: oj at November 9, 2005 2:00 PMMr. Samson:
India has huge advantages because it was Anglified, but Hinduism will have to be Reformed just as surely as Islam.
Posted by: oj at November 9, 2005 2:05 PMMake it monotheistic.
Posted by: oj at November 9, 2005 6:18 PMWith over 490 million (and counting) deities in Hinduism, you've got a long way to go.
Posted by: ratbert at November 9, 2005 10:44 PMThe advantage Hinduism has over Christianity and Islam is that the content of the belief is less important than the observations. So you don't have to worry about Inquisitions and so forth.
Yet a billion Hindus have still managed to organise themselves morally, and live with the concept of dharma.
How can this be?
Posted by: Brit at November 10, 2005 4:56 AMBrit:
They didn't. Christians organized them. Absence of inquisition is a weakness.
Posted by: oj at November 10, 2005 7:50 AMDharma preceded the British Empire.
Posted by: Brit at November 10, 2005 8:01 AMWhere was a decent Hindu state?
Posted by: oj at November 10, 2005 8:06 AMAh, you mean secularism organised them, then.
Posted by: Brit at November 10, 2005 8:34 AMDon't forget the caste system and the racism in India. No one from the (dark) south is going to be President any time soon. No Disraelis here.
Posted by: jim hamlen at November 10, 2005 10:39 AMWe recall that Hindu clerics condemned Miother Theresa of Calcutta for succoring the poor, thereby depriving them of the opportunity to elevate their places on the wheel of rebirth by suffering patiently.
Obviously, India has benefitted by exposure to the Christian values transmitted through British law and culture.
An observation from one who has worn his country's coat somewhere east of Suez: when we judge a non-Western religion by its "more sophisticated forms," as Mike M. comments we grossly fail to understand the Orient. It is a though a foreigner studied Thomas Merton and John Paul II and ignored the practice and beliefs of the unschooled masses.
My time in Bhuddist countries tells me that the common run of humanity in those places engages in a frank polytheism and practices what we would call magic. Myriad spirits, both malignant and benign, are bribed with offerings of all kinds. Readings on India indicate that the same situation obtains there.
The highest monks and theologians from that side may claim that these institutions are merely sacramentals, but that is not what the people say when one speaks to them.
Posted by: Lou Gots at November 10, 2005 10:46 AMLou:
Hindu clerics weren't the only ones to condemn Mother Theresa.
Posted by: Brit at November 10, 2005 11:07 AMBrit: The Slate article you kindly linked criticizes Mother Theresa for disliking abortion, which is sort of like criticizing the NRA for disliking the Assault Weapons Ban, and points out, failrly, this time, examples of her faults of parisanship and vanity.
That is not my point. A devout Hindu, throrougly grounded in the doctrines of karma and reincarnation, holds that relieving the suffering of the afflicted is harmful to them. This is their faith and one supposes that it makes perfect sense to them. To an unbeliever in the wheel of rebirth it looks suspiciously like a cynical justification for the privileges of the traditional ruling class.
Posted by: Lou Gots at November 10, 2005 3:35 PMLou:
Just thought you'd be interested in a bit of iconoclasm.
I think Hitchens's main accusation is not the anti-abortion stance, but that, as puts it, she "was not a friend of the poor, but a friend of poverty."
Posted by: Brit at November 11, 2005 3:58 AMBrit:
Hitchens is just rebelling against his Father before accepting Him.
Posted by: oj at November 11, 2005 7:13 AM