October 9, 2004
LIBERTY'S KIDS:
Slaves in Algiers, Captives in Iraq: The strange career of the Barbary captivity narrative (Anne G. Myles, October 2004, Common-Place)
About midway through my undergraduate seminar on American captivity narratives last fall, we were discussing one of the earliest American literary works to deploy this essential historic genre: Susanna Haswell Rowson’s 1794 play Slaves in Algiers, or, A Struggle for Freedom, a comedy-melodrama focusing on a group of Americans held captive in Algiers, one of the Barbary States of North Africa. The play is not distinguished by great literary excellence or readability, but it is fascinating in its complex mix of political agendas. On the surface level, the play was part of a wide public effort in the early 1790s to stir sympathy for the real white captives of the time. But it is equally dedicated to serving the ongoing commitment of Rowson (best known as the author of the wildly popular seduction novel Charlotte Temple) to advocate for women’s rights in the new republic and maintain the importance of female virtue. On other political levels, Slaves in Algiers reveals uncomfortable strains of xenophobia and anti-Semitism and–most conspicuously to readers in the present political era–it makes evident the deep roots of America’s imperial fantasies concerning the Islamic world.The galvanizing moment in our class discussion came as we reread the play’s conclusion. Its closing words are shared by the young American hero and heroine, Henry and Olivia, separated by their respective captivities and now reunited following the Americans’ victory over their Muslim captors. Henry speaks of returning to the United States, "where liberty has established her court–where the warlike Eagle extends his glittering pinions in the sunshine of prosperity." And Olivia concludes, "Long, long may that prosperity continue–may Freedom spread her benign influence thro’ every nation, till the bright Eagle, united with the dove and the olive branch, waves high, the acknowledged standard of the world." "Hang on," I told my students, "Now listen to this–" and I read to them from the conclusion of President Bush’s 2003 State of the Union speech: "America is a strong nation and honorable in the use of our strength. We exercise power without conquest, and we sacrifice for the liberty of strangers. Americans are a free people, who know that freedom is the right of every person and the future of every nation." Gratifyingly, I heard sucked-in breaths and exclamations at the echoes between early national and contemporary political rhetoric as we contemplated the continuing presence of the past. Bush’s speech was delivered less than two months before the tanks rolled into Iraq; Rowson’s dialogue, less than a decade before the United States’ invasion of Tripoli, the first war authorized under the U.S. Constitution and the country’s first military victory following the Revolution. What my students and I shook our heads over was how precisely for both Rowson’s characters and the current administration the dream is the same: that the world will become an empire of liberty under the leadership of the United States, a country that considers itself entitled to tell everyone else what freedom means and impose itself as "the standard of the world."
Who but an academic could be surprised by the continuity of American ideals? Posted by Orrin Judd at October 9, 2004 5:41 PM
What the good Ms Myles' example primarily illustrates, apparently unbeknownst to her, is that Islamic societies have been a pain in America's neck for at least 210 years.
As for America "impos[ing] itself as 'the standard of the world'", no imposition was necessary; we did what we do best, and the rest of the world did what they felt would be best.
The results speak for themselves: At the beginning of the 21st century, no sane and knowledgeable person would contest that the US are the world's premier military, economic, and social power.
Many people don't like it, but it's acknowledged that America, and those most like her around the world, have risen to the top, and are in no danger of being overtaken by any alternative way of organizing society.
[T]he world will become an empire of liberty under the leadership of the United States...
And what an unHoly shame that would be, eh ?
If Ms Myles objects to everyone in the world enjoying liberty, then by her own standards, she can morally and legally be led out of her classroom and publicly executed; if she objects to America leading it, what's she doing in the US ?
If she isn't a parasitical hypocrite, she'd want to strengthen the economy and society of some other world-leading nation, correct ?
Posted by: Michael Herdegen at October 10, 2004 2:52 AMAll true, but what nearly all Americans fail to realize is that the chastisement of the Dey of Algiers and others had no permanent effect.
The US did NOT keep a powerful naval force in the Mediterranean, and predation on merchant crews continued, slightly abated, until our jolly tars were permanently saved by -- gasp! -- the French.
Posted by: Harry Eagar at October 10, 2004 4:24 PMHarry:
What you don't understand, mostly because of your bizarre Coolidge obsession, is that America has never maintained its military between wars.
Posted by: oj at October 10, 2004 4:31 PMThe world changes very slowly indeed. The Barbary pirates were our first encounter with Islam and Iraq won't be our last.
Ms. Myles like other good little academic girls thinks that she invented sex and morality and discovered evil. It shows the real flaw in an education system that no longer inculcates scripture or the greek and roman classics.
Posted by: Robert Schwartz at October 10, 2004 11:04 PMNo, the way it's going, the last (read: final) encounter with Islam will be the Black Glass Scenario.
And irony of ironies, that scenario is much more likely with an anti-war Kerry victory in November than it will be with a pro-war Bush victory.
Posted by: ray at October 10, 2004 11:43 PMray:
The War on Terror is going much more like the last stage of the Cold War than the end of WWII. They're reforming so fast there'll be no need for final battles.
Posted by: oj at October 10, 2004 11:46 PMJohn Quincy Adams Knew Jihad, By Andrew G. Bostom FrontPageMagazine.com, September 29, 2004:
They [The Russians] have been from time immemorial, in a state of almost perpetual war with the Tatars, and with their successors, the Ottoman conquerors of Constantinople. It were an idle waste of time to trace the causes of each renewal of hostilities, during a succession of several centuries.
The precept of the Koran is, perpetual war against all who deny, that Mahomet is the prophet of God. The vanquished may purchase their lives, by the payment of tribute; the victorious may be appeased by a false and delusive promise of peace; and the faithful follower of the prophet, may submit to the imperious necessities of defeat: but the command to propagate the Moslem creed by the sword is always obligatory, when it can be made effective. The commands of the prophet may be performed alike, by fraud, or by force.
Of Mahometan good faith, we have had memorable examples ourselves. When our gallant [Stephen] Decatur had chastised the pirate of Algiers, till he was ready to renounce his claim of tribute from the United States, he signed a treaty to that effect: but the treaty was drawn up in the Arabic language, as well as in our own; and our negotiators, unacquainted with the language of the Koran, signed the copies of the treaty, in both languages, not imagining that there was any difference between them.
Within a year the Dey demands, under penalty of the renewal of the war, an indemnity in money for the frigate taken by Decatur; our Consul demands the foundation of this pretension; and the Arabic copy of the treaty, signed by himself is produced, with an article stipulating the indemnity, foisted into it, in direct opposition to the treaty as it had been concluded.
The arrival of Chauncey, with a squadron before Algiers, silenced the fraudulent claim of the Dey, and he signed a new treaty in which it was abandoned; but he disdained to conceal his intentions; my power, said he, has been wrested from my hands; draw ye the treaty at your pleasure, and I will sign it; but beware of the moment, when I shall recover my power, for with that moment, your treaty shall be waste paper.
He avowed what they always practised, and would without scruple have practised himself. Such is the spirit, which governs the hearts of men, to whom treachery and violence are taught as principles of religion.”
OK. So what has changed?
Posted by: Robert Schwartz at October 11, 2004 1:55 PMTrue up until 1921, Orrin, when the Democrats voted and appropriated money to maintain a 'fleet second to none.'
In an insane policy of penny-pinching, the Harding, Coolidge and Hoover administrations canceled that wise decision, forgetting the saying that 'there is nothing more expensive than the second-best navy.'
Instead, Coolidge made a pact with the French not to fight wars any more, which the French took pretty seriously.
In 1945, we again reduced the military, but Truman reversed the policy, and we have not been outgunned since. Outgeneraled, yes.
Yes, after WWI we built down. Unfortunately Trumnan failed to finish WWII so we stayed heavily armed until the end of the Cold War, though both Ike and Nixon/Ford/Carter did reduce. After the Cold War we reduced troop levels and whatnot significantly (military spending fell from 6% of GDP to 3% accounting for the entire balanced budget), and are closing bases even now. as you point out, we have nowhere newar the infantry we'd require if there were a plausible enemy anywhere. It's just how democracies work--no war, no military.
Posted by: oj at October 11, 2004 4:11 PMBritain wasn't a democracy in, say, 1900?
Posted by: Harry Eagar at October 12, 2004 1:23 PMSure, a democracy at war.
Posted by: oj at October 12, 2004 1:42 PMOK, 1897
Posted by: Harry Eagar at October 12, 2004 9:55 PMYes, they'd gotten a bit down at the heels, thus Jackie Fischer's big ship-building campaign in the run up to war with Germany.
Posted by: oj at October 12, 2004 11:31 PMWell, no. When Fisher took over, the Royal Navy was a big as the next two navies put together -- which had been British strategic policy all though the 19th century.
What Fisher did was to reset the contest to zero for everyone in order to cope with new technology.
Britain never had the margin of superiority in the Fisher era that it did earlier
Posted by: Harry Eagar at October 13, 2004 4:52 PMYes, the outmoded navy of the world's greatest seapower needed updating--happens in democracies.
Posted by: oj at October 13, 2004 5:01 PM