February 23, 2004

THE BLACK (AND FORGOTTEN) MENCKEN:

George S. Schuyler and Black History Month(s) (Nicholas Stix, February 23, 2004, Mich News)

George S. Schuyler was, simply, the greatest black journalist this country has ever produced. From 1924-1966, he bestrode the negro press like a colossus. Working for Robert Lee Vann's (1879-1940) Pittsburgh Courier weekly newspaper, under his own name, Schuyler penned a column, "News and Views," of which H.L. Mencken remarked, "I am more and more convinced that he is the most competent editorial writer now in practice in this great free republic." Schuyler was in turn known as "the Negro's Mencken." Schuyler wrote the Courier's weekly unsigned, house editorial. He traveled the world, investigating stories, which he wired back to the Courier, such as his world scoop on the return of slavery to Liberia, which had been founded in 1847 by American freedmen. (He was also the first black journalist to write, as a freelancer, for leading white publications, such as the New York Evening Post (now the New York Post), Washington Post, The Nation and The American Mercury). And under no less than eight pseudonyms, he wrote the serial pulp fiction that proved to be the Courier's most popular feature (Samuel I. Brooks, Rachel Call, Edgecombe Wright, John Kitchen, William Stockton, Verne Caldwell and D. Johnson).

Schuyler was also the greatest racial satirist this country has ever seen,
whose classic, 1931 novel, Black No More has twice been reprinted in the past 15 years.

In the same year that Black No More appeared, Schuyler's novel, Slaves Today: A Story of Liberia, was published, in which he presented, in fictional form, his discovery of the very real Liberian slave trade. [...]

George Schuyler's problem was that he was (gasp) . a conservative!


Here's Schuyler on The Negro Art Hokum (1926):
Negro art “made in America” is as non-existent as the widely advertised profundity of Cal Coolidge, the “seven years of progress” of Mayor Hylan, or the reported sophistication of New Yorkers. Negro art there has been, is, and will be among the numerous black nations of Africa; but to suggest the possibility of any such development among the ten million colored people in this republic is self-evident foolishness. Eager apostles from Greenwich Village, Harlem, and environs proclaimed a great renaissance of Negro art just around the corner waiting to be ushered on the scene by those whose hobby is taking races, nations, peoples, and movements under their wing. New art forms expressing the “peculiar” psychology of the Negro were about to flood the market. In short, the art of Homo Africanus was about to electrify the waiting world. Skeptics patiently waited. They still wait.

True, from dark-skinned sources have come those slave songs based on Protestant hymns and Biblical texts known as the spirituals, work songs and secular songs of sorrow and tough luck known as the blues, that outgrowth of ragtime known as jazz (in the development of which whites have assisted), and the Charleston, an eccentric dance invented by the gamins around the public market-place in Charleston, S. C. No one can or does deny this. But these are contributions of a caste in a certain section of the country. They are foreign to Northern Negroes, West Indian Negroes, and African Negroes. They are no more expressive or characteristic of the Negro race than the music and dancing of the Appalachian highlanders or the Dalmatian peasantry are expressive or characteristic of the Caucasian race. If one wishes to speak of the musical contributions of the peasantry of the south, very well. Any group under similar circumstances would have produced something similar. It is merely a coincidence that this peasant class happens to be of a darker hue than the other inhabitants of the land. One recalls the remarkable likeness of the minor strains of the Russian mujiks to those of the Southern Negro.

As for the literature, painting, and sculpture of Aframericans—such as there is—it is identical in kind with the literature, painting, and sculpture of white Americans: that is, it shows more or less evidence of European influence. In the field of drama little of any merit has been written by and about Negroes that could not have been written by whites. The dean of the Aframerican literati written by and about Negroes that could not have been written by whites. The dean of the Aframerican literati is W. E. B. Du Bois, a product of Harvard and German universities; the foremost Aframerican sculptor is Meta Warwick Fuller, a graduate of leading American art schools and former student of Rodin; while the most noted Aframerican painter, Henry Ossawa Tanner, is dean of American painters in Paris and has been decorated by the French Government. Now the work of these artists is no more “expressive of the Negro soul”—as the gushers put it—than are the scribblings of Octavus Cohen or Hugh Wiley.

This, of course, is easily understood if one stops to realize that the Aframerican is merely a lampblacked Anglo-Saxon. If the European immigrant after two or three generations of exposure to our schools, politics, advertising, moral crusades, and restaurants becomes indistinguishable from the mass of Americans of the older stock (despite the influence of the foreign-language press), how much truer must it be of the sons of Ham who have been subjected to what the uplifters call Americanism for the last three hundred years. Aside from his color, which ranges from very dark brown to pink, your American Negro is just plain American.


Suffice it to say, that doesn't jibe with the PC agenda too well.

Posted by Orrin Judd at February 23, 2004 8:48 PM
Comments

I find it interesting that Schuyler attributes the creation of jazz as partly the work of white musicians. You will find few jazz writers willing to say this today.

Posted by: John Barrett Jr. at February 23, 2004 9:28 PM

Oh, geez -- white musicians were involved with jazz right from the get-go.

In the early years, white & black musicians fed off each other's innovations. Lester Young used to keep a sheet music copy of Frankie Trumbauer & Bix Beiderbecke's "Singin' the Blues" in his sax case, and Trumbauer's C-Melody sax tone was a big influence on Young's light, airy tenor sound. After Beiderbecke (a cornet player) died, Louis Armstrong remarked that "we were working out the same thing". Charlie Parker cited Jimmy Dorsey's alto sax technique as an important influence. You can go on & on.

The critics were responsible for (in retrospect) shutting out the role of the white players. Until the 60's, the players themselves didn't care as much.

Posted by: Twn at February 24, 2004 12:33 AM

Trumbauer also influenced the great Benny Carter, who first played a C-melody sax before moving to alto. His hallmark as a arranger, the saxophone section playing the same phrase in unison, is a device you also hear in the "sweet" bands of the time, such as the Casa Loma Orchestra.

Another horn admired by Lester Young was Bud Freeman, part of the famous "Austin High Gang" (Jimmy McPartland, Eddie Condon, etc.) that learned jazz in the Chicago schools of the 1920's.

I write for Jazz Improv magazine; one of the reviews I did was for the book LOST CHORDS by Richard Sudhalter, which profiles the main white musicians of early jazz and analyzes their music. I found it really informative and gave it a sterling review; I later checked the book's Amazon listing and saw some wicked pans, calling the book "Republican history", "Newt Gingrich's view of jazz", and things of that ilk. Those reviews didn't attempt to refute the book's assertions; they thought it sufficient to mock the author. For a music so proud of its individualism, some of its fans have mighty closed minds.

Posted by: John Barrett Jr. at February 24, 2004 1:25 AM

As the Bros. Judd Jazz Correspondent, OJ asked me to comment on this thread.

The contributions of white musicians and composers in early jazz is beyond dispute. Bix and Trumbauer are 2 great examples as is John's mention of Benny Carter's being influenced by the "sweet" dance orchestras of the early 20's. Carter learned to arrange by spreading all the parts from stock dance arrangements on the floor of his apartment and then seeing how the trumpets, saxes, etc. were harmonized. In fact, enny once told me that when he tried his first arrangements, he didn't know that score manuscript existed (that is, music paper with 8 or 12 staves, so that all the instruments can be written on one page). Instead, he'd spread 12 or 15 pieces of paper on the floor, one for each instrument. That mix of more traditional "European" harmonization developed by Carter, Redman, Ellington and a handful of others, with the rhythms of jazz and the addition of blues elements, was key to the development of swing and the big bands. (One more note on influences maybe even more improbable than Parker's love of Dorsey: John Coltrane regularly listed Stan Getz as one of his favortie tenor players.)

Another overlooked area of vital contribution by whites (mostly, but not entirely Jews of Eatern European descent) in jazz is the importance of Tin Pan Alley and Broadway show tunes in the development of the jazz vocabulary from the mostly blues-based or quasi-march nummbers of the earliest days to the more harmonically adventurous swing and bebop periods. Gershwin, Berlin, Porter, etc. were all critical to the growth of jazz. Not to put too fine a point on it, but can you imagine bebop without the chord changes to "I Got Rhythm"?

When I took a jazz course in college (early 80's) our text book was written by James Lincoln Collier and there were lots of additional readings by Amiri Baraka, etc. In discussing the elements of jazz, those writers completely dismissed any white or European influences in the music...they ignored the use of European harmony, and belittled the contributions of white musicians and composers. My impression is that that kind of thinking has mostly passed (although, not apparently with Amazon reviewers).

I guess the final point is that I've never heard a jazz musician mention color when talking about a player or arranger. Among the pros, ability has always been blind.

Posted by: Foos at February 24, 2004 11:06 AM

As a correction to my earlier statement, the negative reviews to LOST CHORDS no longer appear on the Amazon site. When the hardback edition of the book went out of print, it seems as if some reviews were dropped and others shortened. I know that recently Amazon has promised to police the reviews section more closely, so that their guidelines are followed. That is long overdue: any book dealing with politics/ideology was sure to be flooded by reviewing attacking the person rather than the arguments.

Posted by: John Barrett Jr. at February 24, 2004 11:59 AM

Thanks, Judd Bros, for the intro to George Schuyler.
A quick observation: without the musical theory and practice that developed in Europe - not in Africa or anyplace else - there would be no music called "jazz."

Posted by: OldHat at February 24, 2004 12:34 PM
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