December 7, 2003

THE DEBT BOMB:

PRESIDENT BOTH: Bush Can Have Both Guns and Butter, at Least for Now (NIALL FERGUSON, 12/07/03, NY Times)

An interesting question is why this fiscal black hole is not causing more alarm for financial markets, because history suggests that a government with debts on this scale sooner or later either defaults or resorts to printing money, thus re-igniting inflation. Long-term interest rates have indeed ticked up slightly since their nadir last spring, in anticipation of higher inflation. But this will not be the kind of inflation experienced in the 1970's and 1980's. So powerful are the deflationary forces today (notably in the second and third biggest economies, Japan and Germany) that Washington can splurge on its military and social services with only a modest impact on expectations of inflation.

It helps that the United States has a unique advantage over all other sovereign borrowers: central banks and other institutions around the world need to hold dollars as the currency most frequently used in international transactions. While this is true, America can count on selling large amounts of dollar assets, like 10-year Treasury bonds, to foreigners — very large amounts. In the last three years, the share of federal debt in foreign hands has risen from just over a third to almost a half. In particular, China has invested heavily in the dollar. Since 2001 Chinese international reserves have roughly doubled, from $200 billion to $400 billion.

The only imminent danger is that the dollar could slide sharply against Asian currencies, as it has against the euro. But the chief losers then would be the Asians.

Part of President Bush's appeal to many Americans is that he combines a moral certainty about ends with a ruthlessness about means. To achieve these ends, the president has no compunction about exploiting the nation's fiscal and monetary strengths — to the max.

No question, the policy of having both guns and butter postpones difficult decisions about the future of the welfare system, principally Medicare and Social Security. But it also ensures the continuation of the nation's "full spectrum dominance" in warfare.

Yes, all that military spending may not be enough to stabilize Iraq or prevent terrorism. All those tax cuts may not generate a sustained recovery. Still, if President Bush had turned out to be President Bust, his chances of re-election would have been much lower than they currently are as President Both.


Mr. Ferguson's recognition of the effects of deflationary pressure are welcome, but he may underestimate two other points he makes. The ruthlessness not just of Mr. Bush but of democracies generally and the fact that the debt is being sold abroad rather than held internally creates a situation in which it is appropriate to consider the possibility that it will eventually just be repudiated, in whole or in part. China could thereby be destroyed without a shot being fired.

Posted by Orrin Judd at December 7, 2003 12:20 PM
Comments

Let's face it, "history" has to give GWB a "no-questions-asked-pass" on reforming Social Security, Medicare, and any other entitlement program unless it begins the assessment by recognizing that Bill Clinton squandered this country's best opportunity in half a century. When again will a President's two terms coincide with hurricaine force tail winds on the economic front; a holiday from history on the geopolitical front; the sweetest and longest honeymoon ever afforded markets and the private sector by its critics in academia, labor unions, and the media; and a political opposition that would have played ball on this issue. Against all this, it is hard to get too excited about whether we can now have guns, butter, or both.

And yet, I do hope there are some elements of Medicare reform in the current bill; that they can be expanded and deepened in a second GWB adminstatration; and that a "ruthless lame duck" President has the courage to do something about SS in that term.

Posted by: MG at December 7, 2003 1:01 PM

Repudiating the debt would be a workable idea only if the government never borrowed any money ever again. Since it would certainly have to, our collective credit rating would drop, and it would become more expensive to borrow.

Posted by: PapayaSF at December 7, 2003 2:25 PM

I've never understood the Perotist obsession with the deficit. As pointed out, much of that is held outside the US. To pay it off early means a transfer of wealth from Americans to ~furriners~. (At a premium, no less.) Then again, economic sanity has never been a feature of of that variety of populism.

Posted by: Raoul Ortega at December 7, 2003 2:29 PM

Well, if you've exported most of your manufacturing jobs and shut down your farms, and you repudiate debt, then the Wal-Marts and the Safeways are going to be pretty empty, aren't they?

Besides, this seems to contradict your high regard for Coolidge. We hired the money, didn't we?

Posted by: Harry Eagar at December 7, 2003 8:15 PM

OJ
Were you smoking the same weed when you wrote this as when you wrote that Margaret Thatcher is sexy? If you remember, since 1972 the US dollar is backed by nothing more than the full faith and credit of the US government. Repudiate the debt, and the dollar immediately becomes worthless - and will remain worthless until we buy enough gold (without dollars, mind you) to re-issue it as a gold backed currency. That will be very difficult to do, as this will also cause the total collapse of the US economy. What do you think that all of the savings, pension plans and insurance portfolios are denominated in?

The Chinese are buying US debt to keep the dollar strong against their currency to keep the export gravy train . I'm sure that they have factored in a sizable loss on their dollar reserves, as their weak renmimbi policy will ensure that the dollar will continue to sink for some time. Long enough for them to totally industrialize their country. They are the ones benefitting from the trade imbalance, not us.

Posted by: Robert D at December 7, 2003 8:51 PM

Harry:
Yes, but we are not they and I don't care about them. Moreover, the Europeans never paid their debt either did they?

Posted by: oj at December 7, 2003 9:03 PM

Robert:

Nonsense. Great powers can do what they want, provided they're ruthless enough.

Posted by: oj at December 7, 2003 9:04 PM

The Europeans may have defaulted on their WWI debt, but that was pretty much forgiven in the aftermath of WWII. It was an exceptional circumstance, and the US is not exactly in that position. Repudiating debt would destroy 200+ years of credit worthiness of the US.

While what OJ said about being ruthless enough is true, taking that kind of stance would create huge political upheaval in the US and destroy our moral credibility in the world and thus much of our soft power. It would fundamentally alter the nature of America's relationship with the world. The US does not have the temperament to govern sufficiently ruthless. Even if a President could do so, his successors could not and we'd have the worse of both worlds.

Paying off the debt is not essential, but keeping it manageable is. Small deficits are bearable. A debt of 10-25% is bearable. The huge deficits we now have are not if it is a long term trend, and they are.

You cannot have a policy of both guns and butter, or you return to the LBJ years. The sixties boomed, but we paid for it in the seventies. Debt is like alcohol, and too much gives your economy a hangover.

Posted by: Chris Durnell at December 8, 2003 11:52 AM

Chris:

What moral standing? They all hate us.

When is that mythical point that debt becomes unsupportable? Which nation fell because of it?

Why did the debt of the 80s lead to the 90s?

Where's Europe's repayment of the Marshall plan loans?

Etc.

Posted by: oj at December 8, 2003 12:06 PM

All;

As humiliating as it is, I must agree with OJ's point here. If one looks at the actual history of nations that repudiated debt, the long term effects seem to be about nil. There was the Latin American debt crisis of the 70's, but by the 80's they were borrowing heavily again. I wouldn't expect the additional credit risk costs to persist much beyond a decade or two. I completely fail to see why the dollar would become worthless, as that has nothing whatsoever to do with debt. As long as you can still buy stuff in the USA with dollars, they'll have value.

Posted by: Annoying Old Guy at December 8, 2003 3:12 PM

Two words: unintended consequences.

Posted by: Jeff Guinn at December 8, 2003 9:28 PM

AOG
That may be an acceptable outcome for a Latin American country, but have we really sunk so low that we wouldn't mind becoming a banana republic? Those countries had the benefit of having larger, stronger economies (namely us) to bail them out. We won't have that benefit.

We didn't get to be a great nation by welching on our debts, and we won't stay one by welching.

Posted by: Robert D at December 8, 2003 11:58 PM

Robert:

where'd you hear that? Several states defaulted on debt.

Meanwhile, if we can bring China down without firing a shot...why not?

Posted by: oj at December 9, 2003 12:06 AM
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