November 18, 2003

APPOINT GOLDILOCKS TO THE FED:

Downside Danger: Why the world’s central banks must become more vigilant about falling prices
(Ben S. Bernanke, November/December 2003, Foreign Policy)

If a single proposition unites central bankers these days, it is the belief that price stability—in practice, a low and stable rate of inflation—is the bedrock of sound monetary policy. To someone with only a passing knowledge of monetary and economic history, this idea may seem unprogressive, if not downright Victorian. In fact, its validity has been demonstrated, painfully, many times.

There is now a consensus among economic historians that a particular form of price instability—deflation, or falling prices—was a principal cause of the Great Depression. And nearly all economists agree that the inflationary surge in the United States, the United Kingdom, and several other countries from the late 1960s through the early 1980s was an important source of the economic volatility, slow growth, and high unemployment that characterized those years. [...]

After a long period in which the desired direction for inflation was always downward, the industrialized world's central banks must today try to avoid major changes in the inflation rate in either direction. In central bank speak, we now face “symmetric” inflation risks. The Federal Reserve recognized the changed circumstances in a statement issued following the May 6, 2003 meeting of its policymaking arm, the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). The FOMC explicitly recognized that both upside and downside risks to inflation can exist and said the greater risk at this moment is on the downside. It was the first time in decades, if not ever, that the central bank has voiced concern that inflation might fall too low.


One problem is that it took even uber-genius Alan Greenspan an unconsionably long time to figure out that deflation had becomne as big threat as inflation, if not bigger, thereby inflicting the recent bout of slow growth.

Posted by Orrin Judd at November 18, 2003 8:24 PM
Comments

Hmmm...
Certainly it would have been helpful if deflation had been identified as a more central actor, but IMO it's unjustified to blame a few slow years on deflation, or the Fed, or Greenspan.

Normal business cycles, the Tech bubble, terror attacks, followed by war... Deflation no doubt exacerbated the effects, but, caused everything ? No.

Further, mild deflation is no more corrosive than mild inflation. In many industries and sectors, deflation's been a fact of life for decades, most notably in tech.
However, agriculture, auto manufacturers, the textile industry, and steel producers, among others, have learned to deal with it.
(Sometimes by dying).

Posted by: Michael Herdegen at November 18, 2003 11:20 PM

Greenspan raised interest rates into the teeth of a deflationary wind and may do so again soon.

Posted by: OJ at November 19, 2003 12:24 AM

If a single proposition unites central bankers these days, it is the belief that price stability—in practice, a low and stable rate of inflation—is the bedrock of sound monetary policy.

Remind me again what Paul Krugman said about monetarism? Something about it being a failed theory that nobody believed in anymore?

Posted by: Matt at November 19, 2003 12:30 AM

OJ:

Seems more like a debate over how fast the US economy can grow, without triggering inflationary pressures.

Obviously, you side with Larry Kudlow.

Posted by: Michael Herdegen at November 19, 2003 4:39 AM

Michael:

I don't think inflationary pressures are possible anymore because of the globalizing economy. Raise your prices and some sweatshop will undercut you.

Posted by: OJ at November 19, 2003 8:02 AM

OJ:

That's only true of commodities.
Anything with a strong brand, or cachet, or scarcity, can still command a premium.

There are many more factors that go into a retail price, than just the wholesale cost of widget "X".
Transportation costs, reliability of supply, quality, speed of delivery, and ability to customize are all factors which might negate a low foreign bid.

That said, globalization definitely does offer a relief valve for domestic inflation, and dampens the inflationary spiral.

It doesn't end the possibility of inflation.

Posted by: Michael Herdegen at November 19, 2003 9:06 AM

One of the problems with a global, 'digitized' economy is that when conditions change, they change quickly. The inflation of the mid-60s through 1982 developed over a long period of time, and took strong medicine to remove. If high inflation or strong deflation were to occur now, it would develop much more quickly, and the medicine may not be deliverable in time.

The monetarist view accounts for this (velocity). But instead of the velocity of money, we should really talk about the velocity of information.

Posted by: jim hamlen at November 19, 2003 10:53 AM

What brand name commands loyalty anymore?

Posted by: oj at November 19, 2003 10:54 AM

Krispy Kreme for one.

Posted by: jefferson park at November 19, 2003 11:11 AM

Krispy Kreme proves the opposite--a tv driven trend that has folks dumping Dunkin' Donuts but will itself be replaced by the next big thing.

Posted by: oj at November 19, 2003 11:43 AM

I interviewed the KK guys recently. Turns out it isn't a TV driven trend but a reversion to the marketing methods of the founders, after the company was left to molder be Beatrice till it almost died.

Remind me, please, how the deflationary crisis explains the complaints about the increasing price of pharmaceuticals.

Posted by: Harry Eagar at November 20, 2003 1:48 AM

Harry:

Government money.

Posted by: oj at November 20, 2003 8:06 AM

Government money can't be the whole of it. Except in Chicago, you cannot spend money buying things that don't exist.

Anyhow, it is contradictory to worry about deflation and at the same time promote international free trade arenas whose only economic function is to drive deflation.

Decide which you want, you cannot have both.

Posted by: Harry Eagar at November 20, 2003 1:27 PM

Harry --

Falling prices and deflation are not the same thing. The first is good, the second bad.

Posted by: David Cohen at November 20, 2003 1:37 PM

Deflation IS fallling prices. The problem arises as government acts to maintain high WAGES keeping costs high as profit margins dwindle and production is forced off-line. Let the system clear the excesses and the econonomy will stabilize. Fixed costs, mainly the result of gov't policies that garner votes but are long term economic drags are THE problem. In a defaltionary environment, high and rising taxes as well as employment costs caused by policy, OSHA, EPA etc., etc are costs that cannot be avoided. As the productivity and cost cutting efforts reach their full extent and profits remain elusive, businesses can do nothing but close their doors.

Posted by: Tom C., Stamford,Ct. at November 21, 2003 12:54 AM
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