WE'RE HAPPY ANY YEAR...:

A couple of weeks ago, for instance, I asked Andrew Sullivan why he chose to put up a paywall rather than putting up a tip jar. His answer (at about 23:00) was unambiguous:

This is not a tip jar. And it is not a pledge drive. It is a subscription. And that makes it a different proposition. It's telling people I'm not an amateur, and I'm not a charity. I'm doing work that I'm asking people to pay for. And it seems to me that at some point, we have to say that, in new media. Or else it is not going to continue to exist...

I had two pledge drives early on, in 2002 and 2003, which netted a certain amount of money. But this is a different model. This is trying to make it sustainable, long term: don't give it money just because you like me. We are trying to create an actual site that is news and opinion that people value and pay for, and become associated with in the long run. We could have done a tip jar. We decided no. We wanted to be a business. And do it the right way.

The distinctions here are subtle ones: Sullivan still nags his readers, just as public radio does during its pledge drives, but in his mind those nags aren't part of a pledge drive, because he's a business, rather than an amateur, or a charity. And similarly, although he raised $500,000 from readers before his paywall even existed, those dollars weren't donations, for much the same reason. There's something shameful, on this view, about working for tips; there's an unpleasant neediness about asking for charity. And it was those reasons, as much as any simply financial considerations, which resulted in Sullivan plumping for a paywall model.

Truth be told, Sullivan's paywall is not much of a wall at all. 70% of his readers don't click on the read-on links at all; they just stay on the home page, which is always free. And of the 30% who do click on read-on links, 91% are still within their allocation of seven free stories. Which means that overall, just 2.7% of his readers are reaching the point at which it gets a little bit harder to read what they want to read. And the actual number is lower even than that: many of his readers use RSS readers to consume his content, or else they disable cookies, or otherwise don't get counted among the people visiting his website.

But as Sullivan would probably agree, the choice between a paywall or a tip jar is not as clear-cut as it sounds: realistically, it's more of a spectrum. Some paywalls are forbiddingly high "Berliners": if you don't cough up, you have no access. Most, however, are porous to a greater or lesser extent. The Times and Sunday Times of London will give you the first 75 words or so of any story; the New York Times will allow you a certain number of free articles per month, plus all articles arrived at from external sites; the WSJ will let you in if you're coming from Google, or from a link which has been emailed to you by a subscriber. At other sites, the wall is drawn around some content but not all: the New Yorker, for instance, puts only some of its magazine content online for free, while the Boston Globe hides all of its content behind a Berliner paywall but then allows a subset of that content onto Boston.com for free. [...]

The real reason why Fortune put up a paywall, of course, has nothing to do with how valuable Andy Serwer thinks the magazine's content is. Instead, the paywall is just another way for the Time Inc brass to try to make money and keep the magazine's rate base high, the idea being that people will be less likely to cancel their magazine subscriptions if they know that they won't be able to read that content online for free.

Which brings up a fundamental rule of online subscriptions: there is zero correlation between value and price. There are lots of incredibly expensive stock-tipping newsletters which have a negative value: you'd be much better off if you didn't subscribe to any of them at all. And of course there's an almost infinite amount of wonderfully valuable content available online for free, starting with Wikipedia and moving on through the sites of organizations like Reuters, Bloomberg, the Guardian, and the BBC. [...]

But there's another consideration, too: the more formidable the paywall, the more money you might generate in the short term, but the less likely it is that new readers are going to discover your content and want to subscribe to you in the future. Amazing offline resources like the Oxford English Dictionary and the Encylopedia Britannica are facing existential threats not only because their paywalls are too high for people to feel that they're worth subscribing to, but also because their audiences are not being replaced at nearly the rate at which they're dying off. The FT, for instance, has discovered that its current subscriber base is pretty price-insensitive, and has taken the opportunity to raise its subscription prices aggressively. That makes perfect sense if Pearson, the FT's parent, is looking to maximize short term cashflows, especially if it's going to sell off the FT sooner rather than later anyway. But if you're trying to build a brand which will flourish over the long term, it's important to make that brand as discoverable as possible.

And the lesson of very porous paywalls, like Sullivan's, or even of pure tip jars, like Maria Popova's, is that on the internet, people prefer carrots to sticks. That's one of the lessons of Kickstarter, too. To put it in Palmer's terms: if you want to give money, you're likely to give more, and to give more happily, than if you feel that you're being forced to spend money. If you look at the $611,000 that Sullivan has raised to date, essentially none of it has come from people who feel forced to cough up $20 per year in order to be able to read his website. To a first approximation, all of that money has come from supporters: people who want Sullivan, and the Dish, to continue.

Palmer concludes her talk by saying that "people have been obsessed with the wrong question: how do we make people pay for music. What if we started asking: how do we let people pay for music?" The same question can and should be asked about other forms of online content, too. Tomorrow Magazine raised $45,452 -- more than three times its goal -- from 1,779 people, none of whom felt in the slightest bit grudging about the money they were spending. A mere 296 people clubbed together to raise $24,624 for Baltimore Brew. 99% Invisible, a radio show, raised $170,477 from 5,661 people. And that's just a few of the Kickstarter journalism projects which were funded in 2012. There are lots of other models, too, like membership of Longreads, or Spot.us, which helps to fund all manner of interesting and amazing journalism. What all of these projects have in common is that they're free online even as they're asking for money: they're not going to punish anybody for not supporting them by throwing up a paywall and saying "well, in that case, we won't give you access".

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